Co-morbidities Prevention & Management, References
Articles:
Aprahamian I, Lin SM, Suemoto CK, et al. Feasibility and factor structure of the FRAIL scale in older adults. JAMDA. 2017;18(4):367.e11e367.e18 DOI:10.1016/j.jamda.2016.12.067
Arrieta SS, Serrano L, Rafecas A et al. CD4/CD8 ratio ≥0.5 is a risk factor for acute rejection in HIV infected LT recipients. Poster presented at: 29th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections (CROI); February 12-16, 2022; Virtual meeting. Poster number 00551
Boustani MA, Campbell NL, Munger S, Maidment I, Fox GC. Impact of anticholinergics on the aging brain: a review and practical application. Aging Heatlh. 2008;4(3):311-320. DOI:10.2217/1745509X.4.3.311
Bischoff SC, Bernal W, Dasarathy S, et al, ESPEN Practical Guideline: Clinical Nutrition in Liver Disease. Clin Nutr. 2020 Dec;39(12):3533-3562. doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2020.09.001. Epub 2020 Oct 27
Brandt C, Zvolensky MJ, Woods SP et al. Anxiety symptoms and disorders among adults living with HIV and AIDS: A critical review of and integrative synthesis of the empirical literature. Clin Psychol Rev. 2017;51:164-84 DOI:10.1016/j.cpr/2016.11.005
Brañas F, Ryan P, Troya J et al. Geriatric Medicine: the geriatrician’s role. European Geriatric Medicine. 2019;10(2):259-265. DOI: 10.1007/s41999- 018-0144-1
Calvo-Sanchez M, Martinez E. How to address smoking cessation in HIV patient HIV Med 2015; 16: 201-210 DOI:10.1111/hiv.12193
Davies MJ, Aroda VR, Collins BS, et al. Management of Hyperglycemia in Type 2 Diabetes, 2022. A Consensus Report by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD). Diabetes Care, 2022 Nov 1;45(11):2753-2786. DOI: 10.2337/dci22- 0034
De Franchis R, Bosch J, Garcia-Tsao G, Reiberger T, Ripoll C, Baveno VII Faculty. Baveno VII - Renewing consensus in portal hypertension J Hepatol 2022 Apr;76(4):959-974. PMID: 35120736 doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2021.12.022. Epub 2021 Dec 30
Divo M, Celli BR. Multimorbidity in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Clin Chest Med. 2020 Sep;41(3):405-419. doi: 10.1016/j. ccm.2020.06.002
Freudenreich O, Goforth HW, Cozza K et al. Psychiatric Treatment of Persons with HIV/AIDS: An HIV-Psychiatry Consensus Survey of Current Practices. Psychosomatics. 2010; 51:480–8. DOI: 10.1016/S0033- 3182(10)70740-4
Garakani A, Murrough JW, Freire RC et al. Pharmacotherapy of Anxiety Disorders: Current and Emerging Treatment Options. Front Psychiatry. 2020; 11:595584 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.595584
Guralnik JM, Simonsick EM, Ferrucci L, et al. A short physical performance battery assessing lower extremity function: association with self-reported disability and prediction of mortality and nursing home admission. J Gerontol. 1994 Mar;49(2):M85-94. doi: 10.1093/geronj/49.2.m85
Kooij KW, Wit FW, Schouten J et al. HIV infection is independently associated with frailty in middle-aged HIV type 1-infected individuals compared with similar but uninfected controls. AIDS. 2016 Jan;30(2):241-50 DOI:10.1097/ QAD.0000000000000910
A significantly higher prevalence of frailty among PWH compared to HIV-negative controls was demonstrated in a European cohort
Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB et al. Anxiety disorders in primary care: prevalence, impairment, comorbidity, and detection. Ann Intern Med. 2007;146:317-25 DOI:10.7326/0003-4819-146-5-200703060-00004
Lai JC, Tandon P, Bernal W, et al. Malnutrition, Frailty, and Sarcopenia in Patients With Cirrhosis: 2021 Practice Guidance by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Hepatology. 2021 Sep;74(3):1611-1644. doi: 10.1002/hep.32049. DOI: 10.1002/hep.32049
Manzardo C, Londoño MC, Castells L, et al. Direct-acting antivirals are effective and safe in HCV/HIV-coinfected liver transplant recipients who experience recurrence of hepatitis C: A prospective nationwide cohort study. Am J Transplant. 2018 Oct;18(10):2513-2522. doi: 10.1111/ajt.14996
Morley J, Vellas B, van Kan GA, et al. Frailty consensus: a call to action. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2013 Jun;14(6):392-7. doi: 10.1016/j.jamda.2013.03.022
Negredo E, Warriner AH: Pharmacologic approaches to the prevention and management of low bone mineral density in HIV-infected patients. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2016, 11:351-357 DOI:10.1097/COH.0000000000000271
This manuscript describes the most common approaches to treat osteoporosis in persons with HIV; beyond bisphosphonates, there are a few other osteoporosis treatment options that are known to be effective in improving BMD and reducing fracture risk in this population
Nightingale S, Dreyer AJ, Saylor D., et al. Moving on From HAND: Why We Need New Criteria for Cognitive Impairment in Persons Living With Human Immunodeficiency Virus and a Proposed Way Forward. Clin Infect Dis. 2021 Sep 15;73(6):1113-1118. DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciab366
Premaor MO, Compston JE: People living with HIV and fracture risk. Osteoporos Int 2020, 31:1633-1644 DOI:10.1007/s00198-020-05350-y
This recent review covers the epidemiology and pathophysiology of osteoporosis in persons with HIV, addresses approaches to fracture risk assessment and discusses the current evidence-base for pharmacological interventions to reduce fracture risk
Presti RM, Flores SC, Palmer BE, et al. Mechanisms Underlying HIV-Associated Noninfectious Lung Disease. Chest. 2017;152(5):1053-1060. doi:10.1016/j.chest.2017.04.154
Rockwood K, Song X, MacKnight C, et al. A global clinical measure of fitness and frailty in elderly people. CMAJ. 2005 Aug 30;173(5):489-95. doi: 10.1503/cmaj.050051
Rosen RC, Riley A, Wagner G et al. The international index of erectile function (IIEF): a multidimensional scale for assessment of erectile dysfunction. Urology 49(6):822-830. DOI:10.1016/S0090-4295(97)00238-0
Spithoff S, Kahan M. Primary care management of alcohol use disorder and at-risk drinking: Part 1: screening and assessment. Can Fam Physician. 2015 Jun;61(6):509-14
Spithoff S, Kahan M. Primary care management of alcohol use disorder and at-risk drinking: Part 2: counsel, prescribe, connect. Can Fam Physician. 2015 Jun;61(6):515-21
Stergiou GS, Palatini P, Parati G, et al. 2021 European Society of Hypertension practice guidelines for office and out-of-office blood pressure measurement. European Society of Hypertension Council and the European Society of Hypertension Working Group on Blood Pressure Monitoring and Cardiovascular Variability. J Hypertens. 2021 Jul 1;39(7):1293-1302
Studenski S, Perera S, Patel K, et al. Gait speed and survival in older adults. JAMA. 2011 Jan 5;305(1):50-8. doi: 10.1001/jama.2010.1923
Swanepoel CR, Atta MG, D’Agati et al. Kidney disease in the setting of HIV infection: conclusions from a Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Controversies Conference Kidney Int. 2018 Mar;93(3):545-559 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2017.11.007
Thudium RF, Ronit A, Afzal S, et al; COCOMO, INSIGHT START Pulmonary Substudy and CGPS Study Groups. Faster lung function decline in people living with HIV despite adequate treatment: a longitudinal matched cohort study. Thorax. 2023 Jun;78(6):535-542
Verboeket SO, Boyd A, Wit FW, et al; AGEhIV Cohort Study. Changes in lung function among treated HIV-positive and HIV-negative individuals: analysis of the prospective AGEh IV cohort study. Lancet Healthy Longev. 2021 Apr;2(4):e202-e211
Verheij E, Kirk GD, Wit FW, et al. Frailty is associated with mortality and incident comorbidity among middle-aged HIV-positive and HIV negative participants. J Infect Dis. 2020;222:919–928 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa010
Authors demonstrated that frailty is a strong predictor of mortality and incident comorbidity with those who were prefrail being at intermediate risk for both outcomes
Verheij E, Wit FW, Verboeket SO, et al. Frequency, Risk Factors, and Mediators of Frailty Transitions During Long-Term Follow-Up Among People With HIV and HIV-Negative AGEhIV Cohort Participants. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2021 Jan 1;86(1):110-118. DOI:10.1097/QAI.0000000000002532
Distinct factors may contribute to frailty transitions, with many of those factors being potentially preventable and reversible
Visseren FLJ, Mach F, Smulders YM, et al. 2021 ESC Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice: Developed by the Task Force for cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice with representatives of the European Society of Cardiology and 12 medical societies with the special contribution of the European Association of Preventive Cardiology (EAPC). European Heart Journal, Volume 42, Issue 34, 7 September 2021, Pages 3227–3337 doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehab484
Winston A, Antinori A, Cinque P, Fox HS, Gisslen M, Henrich TJ, Letendre S, Persaud D, Price RW, Spudich S. Defining cerebrospinal fluid HIV RNA escape: editorial review AIDS. AIDS. 2019 Dec 1;33 Suppl 2:S107-S111. doi: 10.1097/QAD.0000000000002252
This manuscript outlines the rationale for the consensus definition of cerebrospinal fluid HIV RNA escape which is utilised in the EACS Guidelines
Guidelines:
2019 ESC/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: lipid modification to reduce cardiovascular risk. Eur Heart J 2020 Jan 1;41(1):111-188. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz455
2019 ESC Guidelines on diabetes, pre-diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases developed in collaboration with the EASD. Eur Heart J. 2020 Jan 7;41(2):255-323 DOI:10.1093/eurheartj/ehz486
2021 ESC Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice: Developed by the Task Force for cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice with representatives of the European Society of Cardiology and 12 medical societies With the special contribution of the European Association of Preventive Cardiology (EAPC). European Heart Journal, 42 (34): 3227–3337
2021 European Society of Hypertension practice guidelines for office and out-of-office blood pressure measurement: European Society of Hypertension Council and the European Society of Hypertension Working Group on Blood Pressure Monitoring and Cardiovascular Variability. J Hypertens. 2021 Jul 1;39(7):1293-1302
American Diabetes Association. Glycemic Targets: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes. Diabetes Care 2020 Jan; 43 (Supplement 1): S66-S76 doi.org/10.2337/dc20-S006
American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), American Psychiatric Association, Arlington VA USA 2013
EASL–EASD–EASO Clinical Practice Guidelines for the management of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL), European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD) European Association for the Study of Obesity (EASO). J Hepatol 2016 Jun;64(6):1388-402 doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2015.11.004
EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines: Management of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Journal of Hepatology 2018;69:182-236 DOI:10.1016/j.jhep.2018.03.019 easl.eu/publications/clinical-practice-guidelines/
EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines for the management of patients with decompensated cirrhosis J Hepatol 2018 Aug;69(2):406-460. doi: 10.1016/j. jhep.2018.03.024. Epub 2018 Apr 10
ESPEN Practical Guideline: Clinical Nutrition in Liver Disease. Clin Nutr. 2020 Dec;39(12):3533-3562. doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2020.09.001. Epub 2020 Oct 27
European Smoking Cessation Guidelines ensp.network/wp-content/uploads/ 2021/01/ENSP-ESCG_FINAL.pdf DOI:10.1001/jama.2020.21749
International Union against Sexually Transmitted Infections Treatment Guidelines iusti.org/treatment-guidelines/
KDIGO (Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes) Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Evaluation and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease kdigo.org/guidelines https://kdigo.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/KDIGO_ 2012_CKD_GL.pdf
WHO Guidelines on Integrated Care for Older People (ICOPE) 2017 apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/258981/9789241550109-eng. pdf;j-sessionid=1D2957E0CEEB6271255FBA6F30084771?sequence=1
The recommendations provided in these WHO guidelines on integrated care for older people (ICOPE) offer evidence-based guidance on the appropriate approaches to detect and manage important declines in physical and mental capacities as they are strong predictors of mortality and care dependency in older age
WHO Policy brief. Transgender people and HIV. WHO/HIV/2015.17 apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/179517/WHO_HIV_2015.17_eng.pdf
Online resources:
CHIP Clinical (Kidney) Risk Assessment Tool chip.dk/Resources/Clinical-risk-scores
COPD Assessment Test www.catestonline.org/
Deprescribing Resource Medstopper.com
Female Sexual Functioning Index www.fertstert.org/article/S0015-0282%2809%2902741-1/fulltext
Free and bioavailable testosterone calculator www.issam.ch/freetesto.htm
Generalized Anxiety Disorder – 2 Item Screening Tool (GAD-2) www.hiv.uw.edu/page/mental-health-screening/gad-2
This link provides details on the Generalized Anxiety Disorder 2-item (GAD- 2) screening tool for anxiety and validation details in persons with HIV
Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) goldcopd.org/2023-gold-report-2/
MELD (Model for End-Stage Liver Disease) Score Calculator 12 and older www.mdcalc.com/meld-score-model-end-stage-liver-disease-12-older
Modified Medical Research Council Dyspnea Scale www.verywellhealth.com/guidelines-for-the-mmrc-dyspnea-scale-914740
For previous references, please refer to the archived v11.1 guidelines